Gravitational Waves of Holographic QCD Phase Transition with Hyperscaling Violation

Gravitational Waves of Holographic QCD Phase Transition with Hyperscaling Violation Zhourun Zhu School of Physics and Telecommunications Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China Manman Sun School of Physics and Telecommunications Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China Rui Zhou School of Physics and Telecommunications Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China Jinzhong Han School of Physics and Telecommunications Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China Defu Hou Institute of Particle Physics and Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOS), Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-755X

In this paper, we study the gravitational waves of holographic QCD phase transition with hyperscaling violation. We consider an Einstein–Maxwell Dilaton background and discuss the confinement–deconfinement phase transition between thermally charged AdS and AdS black holes. We find that hyperscaling violation reduces the phase transition temperature. In a further study, we discuss the effect of hyperscaling violation on the GW spectrum. We found that the hyperscaling violation exponent suppresses the peak frequency of the total GW spectrum. Moreover, the results of the GW spectrum may be detected by IPTA, SKA, BBO, and NANOGrav. We also find that the hyperscaling violation exponent suppresses the peak frequency of the bubble-collision spectrum h2Ωenv. Hyperscaling violation enhances the energy densities of the sound wave spectrum h2Ωsw and the MHD turbulence spectrum h2Ωturb. The total GW spectrum is dominated by the contribution of the bubble collision in runaway bubbles case.
05 17 2024 224 universe10050224 National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/ 12275104 National Key Research and Development Program of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/ 2022YFA1604900 National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/ 12305076 Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Henan Province http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/ 242102230085 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.3390/universe10050224 https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/10/5/224 https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/10/5/224/pdf Einstein Approximative Integration of the Field Equations of Gravitation Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Math. Phys.) 1916 1916 688 Einstein Uber Gravitationswellen Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Math. Phys.) 1918 1918 154 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 Abbott, B.P. et al. [LIGO Scientific and Virgo] (2016). Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger. Phys. Rev. Lett., 116, 061102. 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