Assessment of Total Factor Productivity and Environmental Efficiency of the Most Important Cereals Crops in Egypt

Despite the conditions experienced by Egyptian agriculture, it still significant, especially to its share in
the gross domestic product and direct and indirect employment opportunities that it provides to other
sectors and providing it with raw materials for the industry. This paper aims to estimate the changes in
the sources and components of the total productivity of the factors for the main cereal crops in Egypt
in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide emissions, and estimate the environmental impact
assessment of changes in the productivity of these crops. The study applied parameter analysis
methods, and non-parameterized methods of estimation, in addition to (Malmquist, 1953) which is one
of the most important indicators of measurement changes in productivity and relies on a Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure efficiency and changes in TFP productivity and identify the
sources of changes in productivity through changes in technical competence and technological
change, as the two most important components of the change in total productivity.
Results: Wheat crop: By estimating the change in the different efficiencies of the wheat crop with
CO2 emissions, it was clear that a decrease in technological change (TC) during the study period, and
thus a decrease in the average change in the total factor productivity (TFP), while without CO2
emissions effect, the average change in the total factor productivity of (TFPc) indicates an increase in
the actual wheat efficiency which is low due to the environmental impact of the emissions.
Rice crop: By estimating the change in the different efficiencies of the rice crop with CO2 emissions, it
became clear that a decrease in the average technological change (TC), thus increasing the average
change in the total factor productivity of the (TFP), whereas, without CO2 emissions, it was found that
the average change in the total factor productivity of the (TFPc) for the study areas was higher.
Summer maize crop: It was clear that the average technological change (TC) for the summer maize
crop with CO2 emissions, decreased during the study period, and therefore a decrease in the average
change in the total factor productivity of the (TFP), but without co2, an increase in the annual average
of the change in technical efficiency (TEC), and a decrease in the average technological change (TC),
i.e. in the use of technology, and an increase in the average change in the total factor productivity
(TFPc).
The value of technical efficiency with CO2 emissions is lower than without CO2 emissions, which
means that the actual efficiency of wheat is low due to the environmental impact of emissions, which
means that the Egyptian agricultural policy should focus more on increasing the rate of technological
change or agricultural innovation.